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Dog Training and the Toxic Triple Whammy, Part 2
| Posted on March 14, 2016 at 11:56 PM |
Imagine that you have a condition that is jeopardizing
your health, your relationships with those you love, possibly your very
life. There are, thank heavens,
treatments available. Untold thousands,
probably millions, of laboratory and research animals, from rats to pigeons to
cats to dogs to chimps to college students, have given their tiny alls for
decades to discover exactly how these treatments work. From all this research, two basic treatment
options have been developed: Pill A and
Pill B. Both pills have things in common. To be truly effective, they have to be
administered correctly, at the right time in the right amounts. If taken in the wrong dosage, taken
inconsistently or taken at the wrong times, neither works very well. They also don’t work very well if other
factors—like poor lifestyle choices that contribute to the condition—aren’t
addressed: if you continue to gorge on pizza, get drunk and drive into trees,
don’t blame the pills for not working.
So neither one is magic or foolproof—it’s not like they’re wondrous
cure-alls that allow us to keep eating the same junk while transforming into
the young and beautiful with no effort.
Both of the pills require a commitment to follow a plan and keep
following it until the results are obtained. But there are differences, too. Pill A actually tastes nice, makes you feel
better and has no known harmful side-effects.
This is true even if the plan isn’t executed perfectly--the results
won’t be as good, but no damage will be done by the pill itself. Pill B, on the other hand, tastes horrible, can leave
you feeling anxious or stressed, and has a whole slew of well-documented and
potentially nasty side effects. It can
also be less forgiving of error—getting the treatment plan wrong may result in loads
of those nasty side effects and none of the benefits. Effectiveness?
In virtually every objectively conducted side-by-side comparison, Pill A
has about a 90% success rate. Pill B
has—about a 90% success rate. Pill A
usually has a very slight edge for effectiveness and speed, but not enough to
be significant. So, they both work about
equally well when administered correctly.
Oh, and they cost about the same and take roughly the same amount of
time to produce results. So: Pill A,
tastes nice, makes you feel good, no bad side-effects, 90% success rate. Pill B, tastes awful, can make you feel
lousy, potentially bad side effects, 90% success rate. The choice should be clear and obvious: you’re going to want Pill A, hands down. But it turns out, you may not. First, Pill A—though as thoroughly tested as
B and as old—came to the market later and seems “new.” Lots of folks don’t trust “new.” If they grew up on Pill B, have always taken
Pill B, they’re family always used Pill B, a good friend uses Pill B—they’re
all going to want you to take Pill B.
It’s familiar, and—hey, it works.
If it works, it can’t be all that bad, can it? (Especially if you escaped the side-effects.) It works.
It’s familiar. It’s trusted. That newfangled Pill A sounds good, but how
do we know it really works? Absented a truly trusted expert, we all tend to take
our information from friends, family and familiarity. Mere science, with the thousands if not
millions of research subjects tested in obsessive detail for decades, if rarely
good enough for us: it’s too remote,
theoretical. Better to listen to Aunt
Millie, who used Pill B to rousing success. Familiarity aside, there may be another problem: it has to do with the condition you
have. It can show up looking like you’re
being stubborn, lazy, deliberately disobedient.
You lack discipline and self-control.
Yes, you might need the help of a pill, but what you really need to do
is just Buck Up, Grow Up and Learn Your Manners. If the perception of your condition is that it’s a
failing on your part (or your parents, surely they are to blame)—you’ve been
too coddled and have no work ethic, respect or moral fiber and you need to
shape up—wouldn’t a Tough Love approach make more sense? Not to mention, your condition makes you
behave in annoying and obnoxious ways that even you don’t like about yourself. Spoil the child, spare the rod; no pain, no
gain; drastic problems call for drastic measures. If you really want to make something of yourself, you need to work hard and sweat for
it. Handing you a pill that tastes like
candy, makes you joyous and can’t hurt you—how the heck could you possibly
learn to be tough, disciplined and self-controlled from that? We’re a diverse culture with a long history that
embraces many points of view, but hanging over many of us like a sword of
Damocles’ are old puritan-type values, the core of which (in pop sensibilities)
seems to be that anything fun must be sinful, and if it’s pleasurable it can’t
be good for us. Real virtues are
attained by suppressing our base animal instincts, sacrificing what we want for a higher order of
being. Few children particularly care
for “obedience” but we all need to have it drummed into us, for our own
good. That getting what we want and having fun
can lead to Virtue--things like discipline, self-control and obedience—may make
sense to the Hedonist on our right shoulder, but to the Puritan on our left
should, It Doth Not Compute. From the view of ye olde puritan meme, bad/sinful
needs to be corrected—it’s a moral imperative.
So when we perceive ourselves or
our behavior as bad (wrong, weak, dominant,
your hot button word of choice), or the people around us and their behavior as bad, or the dogs around us and their
behavior as bad—what to do about bad? Traditionally,
we punish bad. We’ve always punished bad. Bad deserves to be punished. And if we’re in the control/authority
position, we not only feel entitled
to punish, we feel obligated to
punish. Surely a child who is being a brat or a dog that’s
growling at kids or pigs or whatever needs an attitude adjustment, or to be taught
a lesson, not gobs and gobs of yummy candy or chicken delivered in a timely
fashion for flashes of nicer behavior.
The fact that the gobs of candy or chicken are likely to achieve nice
behavior more quickly—or at least as quickly—with less stress and far less
danger of future side effects may be true—if our goal is only to fix the
behavior. But that may not be our only
goal. We may also, openly or covertly,
consciously or unconsciously, need it to feel
right. If satisfying our need to be
in control, to be authorities, to uphold a morally
virtuous order or just uphold a pattern familiar from our own dysfunctional
childhoods lurks in our cultural abyss, maximum efficiency with minimal harm to
the animal may be less important than getting our own cognitive dissonances
resolved. And so we may continue to vote for Pill B (positive
punishment) with all its downsides and dangers instead of Pill A (positive reinforcement.) Not because punishment works better (we’ll
claim it does, but the evidence is against us), not because it’s faster,
cheaper, or more efficient (it’s not), but because—it makes us feel virtuous. Even if or even because it tastes nasty, makes us anxious and could be dangerous. We have a long tradition of thinking that
stuff that hurts us now or makes us uncomfortable now will lead to all kinds of
rewards later. Not to mention all the
brownie points we gain with the authority figures who told us that in the first
place. Of course whether we choose the sweetness of Pill A or
the bitterness of Pill B is entirely up to us—we’re human, and maybe we really
can’t feel cured unless we feel like
we’ve paid our dues. But when it comes
to making that choice for another being, opting for bitter over sweet because
it makes us feel virtuous seems a
little dodgy. I am not, for example,
trying to teach my dog Tinker that if she doesn’t waste her money on shiny objects
now, she’ll reap the benefits of a college education later. Nor—however much we might like the behavior
itself—is there any particular moral
virtue in being able to hold a long down-stay that’s enhanced by swallowing
a bitter pill: there’s no reason why a
down-stay that Tinker enjoys holding is
inferior to one that she doesn’t. I’m
teaching motor-muscle movements to a creature designed to hunt squirrels, not
lofty philosophical life lessons to youngsters who can grasp ethics. And—this is the real bugaboo—a down-stay taught with
pleasure is in no way less reliable
than one taught with pain. We feel
strongly that it should be—after all,
what if Tinker “decides” that she doesn’t
want to anymore. Of course this can happen, but ignores two
critical facts. First, if I’ve done an excellent job as a trainer
using pleasure, she’s likely to be successful at least 90% of the time, because the brain’s dopamine reward
system is an outrageously powerful thing.
We hear “pleasure” as something warm, fuzzy, weak, trivial, instead of
the deeply-rooted survival imperative that it is. Animals will die for pleasure, and kill for
pleasure, and fly thousands and thousands of miles to meet a mate for
pleasure. Tinker’s about as likely to
ignore it as I am to turn down a slice of pizza anytime soon. Maybe using a different word would help—not pleasure vs. pain but something like passion
vs. pain. Passion, not fuzzy, weak or trivial, is a
brute-force of nature that can move mountains—or motivate down-stays. Powerful stuff, no fooling, and if you don’t
believe me, consider: A behavior motivated by positive reinforcement won’t
be powerful enough to stand up when things get hard… A behavior motivated by deep, genuine passion won’t be powerful enough to stand up when
things get hard… Hmmm. Second, if I’ve done an excellent job as a trainer using
pain or fear, the dog is likely to be successful… at least 90% of the time. But
not 100%; never 100%. There’s still a
chance the dog will get confused, make a mistake or “decide” an opportunity to
chase the squirrel is worth the risk of the pain. If we’re motivated enough, pain and fear can be overcome. If we’re passionate enough about something, or
more afraid of something else, we
will damn the torpedoes and full steam ahead.
We know this; we’ve all done it. The passion/pain system isn’t designed to make
guarantees: it’s designed to give
animals the best odds of survival in an ever-changing world of opportunity and
danger. It’s meant to give critters
behavioral adaptations, not robotics.
Promises of 100% should go with a discount bridge for sale in a desert. If nothing else, dog trainers are human and they make mistakes that can drop a dog
out of the behavior 100%. And now we come to what I’m going to call the Toxic Triple
Whammy. It’s so familiar in other
contexts (read the news) that it’s scary, and heart-breaking. Start with a Logical Fallacy: I/he/she must have (insert need or desire) Or I/he/she will (die, never be loved, insert
horrible thing) Add
the Only One Syndrome: Only I/he/she/it can (give the desired thing
to avoid the dire outcome: Only I can
save you, only he loves me, only she understands him, only you can give me X…) Sprinkle with protestations of love and
good intentions. Top
off with a dose of cultural puritanism: I/you/he/she are doing something bad and deserve
to be punished. Does
any of this sound like the basis for a healthy
relationship? The Toxic Triple Whammy is a mindset just loaded with the potential for abuse of all kinds. You must have me or die, no one else will
ever love you and there’s something wrong with you that I’m entitled to fix (for your own good
because I love you and only I can save you) is a nightmare scenario worthy of a
horror movie. It’s probably been the
plot of more than one creepy thriller.
Of course the danger is, if you believe it, you’ll eat any amount of
crummy relationship crap that I care to dish out--and if the deserving of punishment garbage sneaks
in, I will dish out with the best of them.
After all, I love you. I’m the
Only One who can save you. What other
choice is there? If I
as a dog trainer lay this trip on your dog and you buy into it, I now have license to abuse with impunity and am above
reproach and criticism. After all, I
love dogs. (This is probably true but has zero to do with my training skill.) I’m the only one who really understands them. (I myself can name a dozen trainers who are so
top-notch at this I would cry to have their skills.) I’m the only one who can save them. (Actually, if my method is any good, everyone
knows it, it’s repeatable and predictable, and there are dozens if not hundreds
of competent practitioners who can do it, too.) They’ll die without me, and I can justify any
degree of crummy training practices. (Why
can’t I save them using best practices? Don’t I know how?) It’s for the dog’s own good. (False dichotomy again; I could use best
practices for the dog’s own good.)
Especially if it’s a really, really bad dog—only punishment can save
them. (How about getting a second opinion
from one of the top-notch folks above? They
routinely resolve the same cases without punishment.) It’s
hard to think critically from a place of fear and desperation. People get there with their dogs, and it
leaves them vulnerable to nonsense ranging from silly to dangerous to just
plain mean. Meanwhile, those thousands and possibly millions of
lab animals are hopping up and down, waving their tiny lever-pressing paws
trying to get our full attention. They
and their legions will tell you: there’s
more than one way to train a rat. They
know. They deserve to be listened
to. Science is your dog’s friend. |
Categories: animal welfare and advocacy
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7023 Comments
Reply
Linda Trunell
2:09 PM on March 15, 2016
Thank you for expressing so well what many of us are trying to say right now. People really, really love their dogs and want to "help" them but many people are clueless when it comes to the science and proven best practices. We do our best to explain the reasons why positive reinforcement should be used instead of force and fear but our voices are drowned out by the television.
Reply
Emily
2:34 AM on March 16, 2016
Linda Trunell says...
Thank you for expressing so well what many of us are trying to say right now. People really, really love their dogs and want to "help" them but many people are clueless when it comes to the science and proven best practices. We do our best to explain the reasons why positive reinforcement should be used instead of force and fear but our voices are drowned out by the television.
Thank you so much, Linda. It's hard, I know, to compete with TV... but I reckon people hear things when they're ready to hear them. We never know when something we said suddenly pops into place weeks or months or years later, but it does and it counts. We'll get there!
Reply
Hollie Robinson
5:22 PM on March 17, 2016
Thank you so much for writing this. You honestly wrote the article(s). I wanted to write. It is such a struggle to watch what we would see as bad training rationalized..
Understanding creates patience. Thank you for helping me understand.
Understanding creates patience. Thank you for helping me understand.
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